Tonga
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Tonga
Tonga: The Kingdom of the Friendly Islands
Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga, is an archipelago nation situated in the South Pacific Ocean. Often referred to as the “Friendly Islands,” a moniker bestowed by Captain James Cook upon his first visit in 1773 due to the warm reception he received, Tonga is a Polynesian kingdom that has maintained its sovereignty throughout the colonial era. This unique status sets it apart from many of its Pacific neighbours, preserving a rich cultural heritage and a distinct societal structure. The archipelago comprises 171 islands, of which 36 are inhabited, spread across an area of approximately 750,000 square kilometres. Despite its vast oceanic expanse, the total land area of Tonga is a mere 747 square kilometres, making it a nation where the ocean plays a paramount role in its identity, economy, and way of life. The islands are volcanic in origin, with some featuring rugged terrain and others being low-lying coral atolls. This geological diversity contributes to the varied landscapes and ecosystems found across the kingdom. The capital and most populous city, Nuku’alofa, is located on the island of Tongatapu, the largest and most fertile island in the Tongan archipelago.
The Tongan people, known as Tongans, are of Polynesian descent, sharing linguistic and cultural ties with other Polynesian island groups such as Samoa, Fiji, and New Zealands Mori. The population is estimated to be around 100,000 people, with a significant proportion living abroad, particularly in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. This diaspora plays a crucial role in the Tongan economy through remittances, which are a vital source of foreign exchange. The official languages are Tongan and English, with English widely spoken in government, commerce, and tourism. Tongan society is traditionally hierarchical, with a strong emphasis on family, respect for elders, and the monarchy. The King of Tonga holds a significant position, both as head of state and as a spiritual leader. The Tongan constitution upholds the monarchy, and the royal family remains central to the nation’s identity and governance. Social life is deeply intertwined with religious practices, with Christianity being the dominant religion, primarily represented by various Protestant denominations. Churches are not just places of worship but also community hubs, playing an active role in social events and community development. Traditional customs and ceremonies, such as the ‘umu’ (earth oven) for cooking and the ‘kava’ ceremony, continue to be important aspects of Tongan culture, providing a strong connection to their ancestral past.
Tongas history is a captivating narrative of migration, settlement, and the establishment of a unified kingdom. Archaeological evidence suggests that the islands were first settled by Melanesian peoples around 1500 BCE, followed by Polynesian voyagers. The Tongan archipelago became a significant centre of Polynesian culture and power, with the Tongan Empire expanding its influence across parts of Melanesia and Polynesia during the 13th century. This period, known as the Tui Tonga dynasty, saw Tongan rulers exert considerable influence over a vast maritime domain. The arrival of Europeans marked a new chapter in Tongan history. Abel Tasman, a Dutch explorer, was the first European to sight Tonga in 1643. However, it was Captain James Cook’s visits in 1773, 1774, and 1777 that brought the islands to wider global attention. Despite his initial warm reception, Cooks later visits were met with some apprehension due to internal political conflicts. The 19th century witnessed the gradual decline of the Tui Tonga’s temporal power and the rise of the Tui Kanokupolu, a lineage that eventually led to the establishment of the modern Tongan monarchy. King George Tupou I, a pivotal figure in Tongan history, unified the islands and enacted a constitution in 1875, laying the foundation for the constitutional monarchy that endures today. Tonga became a British protected state in 1900, but it crucially retained its sovereignty and was never formally colonized, a testament to its diplomatic acumen and the foresight of its rulers. Full independence was achieved on June 4, 1970, when Tonga became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The nation has since navigated the challenges of modernization while striving to preserve its cultural integrity and traditional values.
The Tongan economy is predominantly based on agriculture and fisheries, with a growing reliance on tourism and remittances. The fertile volcanic soil supports the cultivation of crops such as taro, yams, cassava, bananas, and coconuts. These agricultural products are not only vital for subsistence but also for export, with kava, vanilla, and fish being significant export commodities. The fishing industry, both artisanal and commercial, is a crucial source of livelihood and protein for the Tongan population. The government has been investing in developing the fisheries sector, focusing on sustainable practices and value-added processing. Tourism has emerged as a vital sector, attracting visitors with its pristine beaches, crystal-clear waters, lush landscapes, and unique cultural experiences. The islands offer opportunities for diving, snorkelling, whale watching, and exploring ancient historical sites. However, the tourism sector remains susceptible to global economic fluctuations and natural disasters. Remittances from Tongans living abroad constitute a substantial portion of the national income, providing essential support for families and contributing to household consumption and investment. The Tongan government is actively seeking to diversify the economy, encouraging foreign investment in sectors such as renewable energy, telecommunications, and small-scale manufacturing, while always being mindful of the need to protect the environment and preserve the Tongan way of life.
Tonga boasts a wealth of tourist attractions, drawing visitors seeking an authentic Polynesian experience away from the more commercialized tourist hubs. The capital, Nuku’alofa, on Tongatapu, offers a glimpse into Tongan life. Key sights include the Royal Palace, a charming Victorian-style building overlooking the harbour, and the nearby Royal Tombs, the final resting place of Tongan royalty, which are impressive stone structures reflecting the historical importance of the monarchy. The Talamahu Market in Nuku’alofa is a vibrant hub where locals sell fresh produce, handicrafts, and traditional Tongan delicacies, offering a sensory immersion into island life. A short distance from Nuku’alofa is the Haamonga a Maui, a monumental stone archway believed to have been erected in the 13th century by the Tui Tonga dynasty. Its exact purpose remains a subject of debate, but it is widely thought to have served as an astronomical calendar or a gateway to the royal compound. The island of Tongatapu also features stunning natural attractions, including the Blowholes at Houma, where waves crash against the shore and spray water high into the air through natural lava tubes, creating a spectacular display. The Anahulu Cave, also known as the Crystal Cave, offers a fascinating subterranean adventure with its stalactites and stalagmites.
Beyond Tongatapu, the Vavau island group is a premier destination for whale watching. From July to October, humpback whales migrate to the warm Tongan waters to breed and give birth, and guided tours offer unforgettable opportunities to witness these majestic creatures in their natural habitat. The Vavau archipelago is also renowned for its breathtaking natural harbours, coral reefs, and secluded beaches, making it a paradise for sailing, diving, and snorkelling enthusiasts. The Haapai island group, a chain of 62 islands, offers a more remote and tranquil experience. These islands are characterized by their pristine beaches, abundant marine life, and opportunities for eco-tourism. The islands of Lifuka and Foa are among the most accessible in Haapai and provide a taste of traditional Tongan village life. For those seeking to explore the more untouched corners of Tonga, the Niuas, the northernmost islands, offer a truly off-the-beaten-path adventure, with their dramatic volcanic landscapes and strong adherence to traditional customs. Throughout the islands, the warmth and hospitality of the Tongan people, combined with the stunning natural beauty, create a truly memorable travel experience.
Information about Tonga
The information comes from the publication CIA The World Factbook.
Automated text translation, excuse errors, please!
Country Tonga is situated in a location / continent Oceania. Tonga has an area of 747 km2 and 106 146 residents. The highest point has a height 1 033 above sea level. and it is called bezejmenné místo na ostrově Kao. The lowest point is located at the level of 0 above sea level and it is named Pacific Ocean. System of government is constitutional monarchy and the date of independence 4th June 1970. Tonga has the international abbreviation TN.
Tonga - economy
Total gross domestic product (GDP) is 772 800 000 $. Total gross domestic product per capita in purchasing power parity is 7 400 $. GDP grows by 1.50 % a year. Inflation (consumer price index) is equal to 6.60 % a year. Tonga have 39 960 working-age population (from a total population 106 146 people). Unemployment is at 13.00 %. Tonga issued 6.20 % GDP to healt care and 0,90 % GDP to army. The total amount of foreign debt is 104 600 000 USD.
Tonga - demography
As suggested above, Tonga has 106 146 people. Population growth is in the amount 0.19 % per year. Number of children born per 1000 population per year is 24.70.Every mother has average 3.55 children. The infant mortality rate is 13.21 and maternal mortality 110.00 deaths per 100,000 births. Average estimated life expectancy makes 75.38 years. Mortality is 4.88 people per 1000 population per year.
Tonga - transport and telecommunications
Tonga has 680 km of roads and 6 airports. There is registered 7 ships.
Number of active mobile phones (sim card) in the country Tonga is 55 000. Number of active fixed telephone lines is 30 000. Tonga has 8 400 internet users, who have the available 20 766 Internet connections. Tonga has been assigned a domain first Choose range .to.
Tonga - energetics
Tonga consumes a year 38 130 000 kWh of electricity. Annual electricity production is 41 000 000 kWh in power plants with a total installed electrical capacity 12 000 kW. Tonga exports 0 kWh and imports 0 kWh of electricity per year Energy mix of power generation is as follows: fossil fuels: 100 %, nuclear energy: 0 %, renewable: 0.0 %, hydropower: 0.0 %.
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